According to the teachings of Zoroastrianism, to prevent contamination of the four sacred elements, the dead should be placed in the open air or under sunlight. This was Zoroastrians' most common ritual method related to the deceased during the Islamic era. The deceased was placed in an open circular space on the mountaintop for the birds to eat them. This research aims to identify, introduce, and examine such buildings' uses and architectural structures. These buildings have been described and analyzed using field surveys, documentary studies, plans, maps, and images. The results show that the Zoroastrian Crypts of Kerman have special features compared to other Crypts in different parts of Iran. The ancient beliefs of the people of the south of Iran were also used in the construction of these Crypts. According to these beliefs, the Khorfastaran, or demonic animals come from the north (Apakhtar). For this reason, the doors of the Crypts were opened towards the midday (south) or the morning (west). Here, the location of two Crypts with two architectural styles, Indian and Iranian, next to each other is interesting. The path to the Crypt from inside the Gabr district of Kerman (the oldest Zoroastrian settlement in the city) is still visible and its stations are available. In addition, in Kerman, Crypts are located both in the highlands and in the plains. The use of Crypts existed among the Zoroastrians of Kerman until ninety years ago, when, with the efforts of Lord Kaykhosrow Shahrokh, Crypt burial was transformed into burial.

This paper examines in detail the little-known Friday Mosque (masjid-i jāmi‘) of Firdaus, located southwest of the Khurasan, which has had a key role in developing Saljuq architecture in the area. The original scheme of the mosque was unclear. The lofty īwān and two flanking dome chambers on the west (qibla) side of the courtyard are the central core of the mosque. The main aim of the article is to analyse the architecture of the mosque and demonstrate its association with the architectural style of the Saljuq mosque in the Khurasan area.  During the conservation and restoration measures in 2006, some fresh materials were unearthed. The new findings shed light on the original features of the mosque and revealed its formation. The paper describes the city's history, defines its architectural characteristics, and then analyses the present information for replying to the research questions. Owing to the outcomes of the archaeological investigation, the study suggests the general scheme of the mosque as a further example of the two- īwān mosque, which may be dated to the late years of the 6th /12th century. Despite the importance of the mosque, no lengthy study has been published about the building. The accurate drawing of the plan and sections of this monument, with the proposal scheme for the reconstruction of the mosque, are being published in this paper for the first time.

Background and Objectives: Cryptorchidism is the most common urogenital anomaly which has been evaluating in childhood. Understanding the hormonal, molecular and genetic predisposing factors is important to treat and protect this anomaly. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of Cryptorchidism in male members of the Crypt orchid children’s families.Materials and Methods: A total of 1410 members of the Cryptorchid patients treated between 2005 and 2007 were observed for presence of Cryptorchidism.Results: There were 107 cases of Cryptorchidism among male members of the Cryptorchid children’s families (7.5%).Conclusion: In comparison with the prevalence of Cryptorchidism in East Azarbaijan province (1.35%), the familial prevalence is 5.6 fold higher. This may imply a probable genetic predisposition.

Time is a special and abstract quality of human life that is understood through a concrete and objective thing. Due to this, although we live in Time, we are surprised when we want to talk what Time is and consider it as different from other realities. “George Paulet” (1902-1999), a critic following content criticism, reviews the quality of understanding of authors of different Times (periods) and attempted to have a better angle of “world of awareness” of author and a more exact reading of text by analyzing the apprehension of story characters.“Hooshang Golshiri” is one of Iran modern story writers who - using stream of consciousness method- designs his contemporary human identity and his/her apprehension. His story characters are all somehow involved with Time. Using analytic-descriptive method and based on Paulet attitude, the current article reviews Golshiri idea about Time in his story of “A Crypt for otter”. This review shows that Golshiri reflects a special kind of Time in story writing that is different from usual and routine Time. Imagination, love, expectation and hope to reform things and persons are some outstanding features of such a Time. However, a pure moment which Golshiri and his heroes seek never occurs in moment of living and this time cannot save them too.

Thought of birth and death was one of the first human thought that tradition and philosophical schools tried to explain or find answer for it. Vitalization of sun leads to worshipping of sun and even to bury the dead on the special way that keeps their relation with sun.One of the most interesting parts of story of poem of BahmanNameh is description of Iranshah from Rostams' Crypt and corpse. Corpse of this Crypt are buried on the special way. How body of Rostam's family buried on the Crypt and even some of other reasons seems that likely this family were followers of Mitra tradition. However, in this paper, clear relationship of burial of dead in Rostam's Crypt with Mitra tradition is investigated.

A Study of Geometry in Islamic architecture by Professor Golroo Najibaaghlou is a valuable work in the field of Islamic architecture. This book has a detailed preface, a brief introduction, and five main sections. As it is known from the introduction of the book, this book was originally written for a non-Iranian audience. The first purpose of writing this book is to try to moderate public belief about geometry and the stages of compilation and discussion in Islamic architecture. Another purpose is to correct the negative view of the geometric documentation of Islamic architecture in the West, because such a view has created a kind of reluctance to equate the works of Islamic architecture with the great works of classical Western architecture. In addition, Najibaaghlou wants to reject and respond to Western criticism that reduces Islamic architecture to the level of an unedited work. In the final chapter of the book, Najibaaghlou looks at the compiled documents of Islamic architecture from a Western perspective and highlights some of the missed points of geometric sciences, including clarifying conceptualization, recording, and transferring architectural design in the Islamic world.

Background and Aim: A developing odontogenic cyst known as odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) originates from the remains of dental lamina. Its aggressive pattern of expansion and high recurrence rate differentiate it from other odontogenic cysts. Herein, we describe a large OKC in the mandibular ramus, close to the condyle, in a juvenile patient with a third molar Crypt. Age and sex of patient, and size, location, and fast development of this lesion were different compared with previously reported OKCs. Our management strategy aimed to maintain the mandible's natural dentition, form, function, and continuity. Case Presentation: The conservative strategy of marsupialization and decompression, which results in final total clearance of the cystic lesion, is one of the treatment strategies for OKC. Segmental resection, en bloc, and complex procedures are other treatment options. Surgical enucleation of the lesion and subsequent marsupialization were conducted effectively in this case. After a lengthy follow-up, there was no recurrence. Conclusion: A detailed comprehension of the nature of the lesion supported by a strong clinical history and cutting-edge radiography may greatly aid the physician in making the appropriate treatment decision for patient's long-term interests.

Death as the obscure mystery of existence overshadowed the ambience of Shahnameh and in the throes of the book's events human being ever capitulates to it. Besides studying the belief in death among people, the present article tries to tackle the following issues: holding 'farewell to the dead' ceremonies, its rituals as well as the manner of holding mourning ceremonies, duration and its mores and the manner of its termination. These issues are studied with due attention to the effects of culture and ethnic-tribal features.